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The
Usui Gainen (concepts), also known
as the Usui precepts, Usui affirmations or Usui Principles, are the
heart
of every system of Reiki that is attributed to Mikao Usui. This
includes
the original Usui-Do, Usui Teàte, Usui Reiki Ryoho, Dr. Hayashi’s
Reiki school, and all early systems in Japan and afterwards. As a
student progresses his/her way through the structure of the system,
eventually
he/she comes to a deeper understanding of their meaning.
Modern Japanese kanji is read with a mixture of what is termed as the KUN reading and the older ON or Chinese reading. All Japanese students learn both On and Kun interpretations of kanji in school. The Usui Gainen are intended to be read mostly with the On reading. (see the end of this article for the breakdown)
Most outside of Japan first learned of Reiki through Mrs. Hawayo Takata (a student of Dr. Hayashi) or via the lineage of her students. Here is how she worded the core part of the Gainen in her early diary.
From Takata-sensei The Ideals (or Spiritual Precepts
of Reiki) The concepts have been presented in many forms since Takata first taught the core part of them. The central part is known in the old Japan Reiki society as the Gokai (go-kah-ee) - and most have been similar in their wording. But recently, these versions have been found to be a little incomplete and slightly inaccurate. In June 1996, I taught a Japanese fellow who was in Vancouver learning ESL (English as a second language). Just before leaving Japan he purchased a 1995 Reiki book called "Iyashi No Te" (Healing of Hands -- or Healing Hands). The author is Reiki Master Toshitaka Mochizuki, and this was the first modern Reiki book written by a Japanese. He has connections to many Reiki masters in Japan, at least one of whom has a lineage to another of Usui's students, Toshihiro Eguchi. In Mochizuki's book he had a copy of the complete Usui Gainen (in Mochizuki's handwriting). With the aid of one of my Japanese students, Emiko Arai, a group of Reiki Masters sat down to decipher this version of the Gainen. Dave King also brought a copy of the original affirmations in the handwriting of Mikao Usui, which he had received on one of his Japan trips. Emiko compared the modern day Japanese translation in Mochizuki's book to the copy of the original we had. If you have ever had to decipher someone's handwriting, you know that there are usually some words you have to guess at. It is the same with the handwritten version of the Gainen; plus, this style of writing and the Japanese Kanji used, are a bit different from that in use today. Here is a VERY LITERAL TRANSLATION of the Gainen, from that day . Please note that the sentence structure is sometimes backward to that normally used in English (i.e. the verb comes first). Also, the first 2 lines are actually heading lines. Note: The Gainen in it’s
original
Japanese form (top of page) are read from right to
left,
top to bottom. Also, Japanese tend to write and
speak in the form of object-subject-verb,
while English tends to be subject-verb-object.
In any translation, you usually have several words to choose from, and you should pick ones that express the content of the whole, (and the culture). E.g. 'spiritual" may be more accurate in Japanese than "heavenly". So, if you try to put this into modern English, you could get something like the following, which is close to what Takata-sensei translated them as : The Secret Method Of Inviting
Blessings However, in 2002 in his Usui-Do classes, Dave King presented a different translation and explanation of the Gokai section, as well as the term Sensei used – "Usui Reiki Ryoho." In 1996, Dave and his colleague, Melissa Riggall, were introduced to several students of Usui Sensei who were all around the age of 100. They met suddenly outside a Buddhist temple, and they were not aware whether their guide, the grandson of a senior Eguchi student, had arranged this. (Eguchi was Usui’s most senior student and a friend). One of the Usui students, a lay nun known as Tenon-in, began to share information about her daily life assisting in the Usui dojo with 4 other nuns, from 1920 until Sensei’s passing in 1926. She explained that Sensei wrote the affirmations on day in 1921 after receiving inspiration on nearby Mt. Hiei, his favourite mountain near Kyoto. It is also the location of main temple of the Tendai sect of Buddhism, which Sensei was born into. He wrote them on a large piece of mitsumata washi (paper made from the misumata bush) which was eventually hung as a kakejiku or hanging scroll. This still hangs on the wall in a private shrine to Usui Sensei (not the Saihoji Temple site), which is kept secret from the public. In her written comments to the Usui Reiki Ryoho International gathering in Toronto in 2002, Tenon-in describes the origin of the Gainen. (my comments are in brackets.) “Usui-sama frequently made trips to Hiei-zan (Mount Hiei in Kyoto). He told us that he was waiting. We asked what is was that he was waiting for. He replied he would know when it arrived. Then one day in 1921, Usui-sama made yet another trip up to the Enrakyu Temple (on Mount Hiei) and returned several days later with a sheet of gold coloured paper.It was previously thought that the Affirmations were derived from the words of the Meiji Emperor, but on my trip to Japan in November 2000 I learned the following from Hiroshi Doi-sensei in his Gendai Reiki Master class. "Usui Sensei created (the) Gokai (the 5 principles) getting hints from a book "Kenzon no Gebri" written by Dr. Bizan Suzuki (published in March, 1914.) The book says "Just for today, do not get angry, do not feel fear, be honest, work hard, and be kind to others."So it could have been a coincidence, or Usui Sensei could have noticed the inscription in the book and become inspired by it. Whatever the source, the Gokai are what the spiritual side of Sensei's system was all about. Another interesting coincidence is that Suzuki was Sensei’s wife’s maiden surname. The Gainen were called by the original term Usui Sensei wrote near the end of the document - Usui Reiki Ryoho. In traditional Japanese Reiki and Usui-related schools like Gendai Reiki Ho, Usui Reiki Ryoho Gakkai and Usui-Do, they are explored in great detail. When Melissa Riggall spent a month working with Mr. Tatsumi (a senior Hayashi student 1927-31) in 1996, she pointed to the kanji for "Reiki" in a photo of the original affirmations that Mr. Tatsumi had. She said this is what the Western world called the healing system. Tatsumi said that the term is simply what O'Sensei (meaning Usui - the term refers to the head of a system) used to refer to his ancestors. Dr. Hayashi had taught him an inner spiritual system (the original Usui-Do) and an outer palm healing system that Usui's friend Eguchi created at the Usui-Do dojo in 1925. Together with the Navy students of Usui, Eguchi and Hayashi had formed a learning society (Gakkai) called Usui Reiki Ryoho Gakkai. The palm healing system was the main method being taught, with spiritual work being increased as one progressed. But the system was shortened to 3 or 4 levels and few learned the complete Usui-Do. Hayashi continued to teach both systems until at least 1931, while Eguchi may have taught both for longer. Since Takata-sensei’s time the original Usui concepts were mistakenly called "precepts" or "principles". However, thanks to the meeting of Melissa Riggall and Dave King with several of Usui Sensei’s living students, new insight has been discovered on what was originally intended by Usui Sensei’s writing. They explained that the correct term for this writing is "Gainen", which means concepts. This is how Sensei referred to them in his dojo (training hall). The image on the first page of this article is a reproduction close to how the original Usui Gainen looks in its resting place in a small shrine to Usui Sensei near Tokyo, based on in-person observations by Dave King and others. Dave shared these comments of Tenon-in at URRI 2002. “In 1921 O-Sensei made a further trip to Hiei-zan and returned several days later with a sheet of yellow paper. He sent one of us to buy mitsumata washi (bluish paper made from a kind of mulberry bush) and he spent the rest of the day with ink and brush. When we returned the next day the paper was already mounted in the tokonoma, He had signed the sheet in red ink and had spilled some of the ink on the edge of his cushion which looked like kokoro (the kanji for heart).”All Western versions of this document are from a photo taken most likely by Dr. Hayashi, who was also an amateur photographer. The monochrome photographic plates he used did not seem to pick up Usui Sensei’s signature in red ink, and the 3 hankos may have been blanked out by Dr. Hayashi when he photographed the Gainen. Perhaps they were only proper on the original work. Dave had also observed that the original was brushed (shodo style) on blue mitsumata paper of the time, made from the mulberry bush. It was hung in typical Japanese kakejiku fashion, using a dark blue linen for it’s background. I’ve made those modifications as well, just to give an idea of how the Gainen may look. It is actually quite large – about 35 by 27 inches. Dave King was led to this (blind-folded) in 1990 by the son of an Usui student he had met at Saihoji temple. The shrine is extremely small, just big enough to stand in, and has the Gainen on one wall and the Usui portrait photo on another wall. There are some vases with flowers and a guest book. A portion of Usui Sensei’s ashes are buried vertically (traditional style) in the floor. In Dave King’s Usui Teate class, he explains: © Copyright Dave King 2002 "The Gainen ARE Usui's system! They can be a philosophy, a way of living, a way of practicing the system (or "all of the above "). They are NOT a set of control statements! The term gainen (from Mandarin Gài Nìan) translates as "concept ." "Dave and Melissa were receiving training from one of Usui’s still living students, a lay Buddhist nun named Tenon-in (also called Mariko-Obaasan or Grandmother Mariko by those close to her). He further explained the following (with my notes): © Copyright Dave King 2002 “I had asked Mariko Obaasan to comment on the translation I had from Tatsumi (which was similar to that we worked out with Emiko all those years ago).(Note: this was in July 1996) ”The phrase kansha shite gö o hageme is not separated into kansha shite [be grateful..] and gö o hageme [work diligently]. In Japanese one can not string clauses together using a conjunction such as 'and'. Instead, the main clause appears at the end and is preceded by the dependent clause using the -te form (gerund) of a verb to link them. Shite is the -te form of suru (to do) and is used here to indicate concurrency. We get: Appreciate [at the same time as] encourage work [karma] ===> Do your work with appreciation.(Note: reiju is the term traditional Reiki uses for their empowerment ceremony). “The effective medicine of many illnesses is not reiji.(Note: reiji is the traditional Reiki term for giving intuitive healing). ”The title refers to that which can be accomplished from following the system (the gainen). One is seeking a shikan state (not exactly nirvana which is permanent shikan*).(*Shikan - a definition -- “A meditative state in which perception is utterly free of discrimination between mind and matter, self and object; where the only permanence is impermanence; and change, whether subtle or violent, remains the essence of being.)
At URRI
2000 in Kyoto
Mr. Hiroshi Doi taught the following in his Gendai Reiki Master class. "Usui Sensei created (the) Gokai (the 5 principles) getting hints from a book "Kenzon no Gebri" written by Dr. Bizan Suzuki (published in March, 1914.) The book says "Just for today, do not get angry, do not feel fear, be honest, work hard, and be kind to others."
It is interesting to note that Sensei’s
wife’s maiden name was Suzuki – although
Suzuki was a common name. At the URRI 2003 conference in "The word "reiki" is used often
by
spiritual therapists during (the) Meiji (1868-1912), Taisho (1912-1925)
and
early Showa (1926-1988) Era. Many people used the phrase "reiki
ryoho" to refer to their therapies, and "reiki ryoho" is not
original with Usui Sensei. The name Usui Sensei used was "Usui
Reiki
Ryoho."
In our 1996
translation, Emiko
Arai also offered this interpretation of Usui’s name: "Usu" means 'a large grain or rice mortar'; "i" means 'water well'; "Mika" is a very old name no longer in use that meant 'sacred rice wine cup or vessel', probably used in a spiritual offering; "o" denotes a masculine name."Dave King found another translation for "Mikao" -- Jar/jug/vat/urn/vase. Note: all
comments from Dave King, Melissa Riggall and Tenon-in are © Copyright
Dave King 2002
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